The role of meibomian gland dysfunction on the development of dry eye disease in patients with facial nerve palsy.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether meibomian gland dysfunction is the cause of dry eye in facial nerve palsy and to identify the possible relationship between the grades and durations of facial nerve palsy and meibomian gland dysfunction. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 63 patients with unilateral facial nerve palsy. Facial nerve function and severity were assessed using the House-Brackmann grading system. Unaffected contralateral eyes were used as the control group. The following parameters were compared: tear breakup time, Schirmer 1 test score, area and density scores for corneal fluorescein staining, eyelid abnormality, meibomian gland expression, meibography scores, and areas of meibomian gland loss. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the grades and durations of facial nerve palsy and meibomian gland dysfunction. RESULTS: The eyes affected by facial nerve palsy demonstrated significantly lower tear breakup time (p<0.001) and significantly higher values for corneal fluorescein staining (p<0.001), Schirmer 1 test score (p=0.042), lid abnormality score (p<0.05), meibomian gland expression level (p=0.005), meibography scores (p<0.05), and areas of meibomian gland loss (p<0.05). The grade and duration of facial nerve palsy significantly correlated with meibomian gland dysfunction (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Meibomian gland dysfunction has a significant contribution to the development of dry eye disease after facial nerve palsy. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the grades and durations of facial nerve palsy and meibomian gland dysfunction.

Impact of the type of anterior lamellar reconstruction on the success of modified Hughes procedure / Impacto do tipo de reconstrução lamelar anterior no sucesso do procedimento de Hughes modificado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the long-term functional and cosmetic outcomes in patients who underwent modified Hughes procedure with different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction for lower eyelid defects. Methods: This study included 58 patients who had undergone a modified Hughes flap for reconstruction of lower eyelids after tumor excision within a 10-year period. Data regarding patient demographics, size of eyelid defect, tumor pathology, surgical techniques, functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications were recorded. Postoperative complications were evaluated according to the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or free skin graft). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting the success of the procedure. Results: The average size of the lower eyelid defect was 22 ± 6.3 mm (range: 11-30 mm). The anterior lamella was reconstructed with advancement flaps and full-thickness skin grafts in 36 (58.6%) and 24 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 23.6 ± 11.9 months. Postoperative complications included trichiasis (three patients; 5.2%), ectropion (two patients; 3.0%), flap necrosis (one patient; 1.7%), flap dehiscence (one patient; 1.7%), infection (one patient; 1.7%), and eyelid margin erythema (one patient; 1.7%). The rates of complication and secondary surgery were similar among the different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction (p=768 and p=0.139, respectively). Success of the modified Hughes procedure was not significantly affected by any of the identified risk factors (p>0.05). Functional and cosmetic outcomes were 96.6% and 94.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Modified Hughes procedure is a safe and effective option for the reconstruction of small and large defects of the lower eyelid, regardless of the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or skin graft).

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os resultados funcionais e cosméticos a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Hughes modificado com diferentes tipos de reconstrução lamelar anterior para defeitos palpebrais inferiores. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 58 pacientes que foram submetidos a um retalho de Hughes modificado para reconstrução das pálpebras inferiores após excisão do tumor durante um intervalo de 10 anos. Dados referentes à demografia dos pacientes, tamanho do defeito palpebral, patologia tumoral, técnicas cirúrgicas, resultados funcionais e cosméticos e complicações foram registrados. As complicações pós-operatórias foram avaliadas de acordo com o tipo de reconstrução da lamela anterior (ou seja, retalho de avanço ou enxerto de pele livre). A análise de regressão logística multivariada foi realizada para identificar os fatores de risco que afetam o sucesso do procedimento. Resultados: O tamanho médio do defeito da pálpebra inferior foi de 22 ± 6,3 mm (11-30 mm). A lamela anterior foi reconstruída com retalhos de avanço e enxertos de pele de espessura total em 36 (58,6%) e 24 (41,4%) pacientes, respectivamente. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 23,6 ± 11,9 meses. Complicações pós-operatórias incluíram triquíase (três pacientes: 5,2%), ectrópio (dois pacientes: 3%), necrose de retalho (um paciente: 1,7%), deiscência de retalho (um paciente: 1,7%), infecção (um paciente: 1,7%) e eritema na margem palpebral (um paciente: 1,7%). As taxas de complicação e de cirurgia secundária foram semelhantes entre os diferentes tipos de reconstrução lamelar anterior (p=768 e p=0,139, respetivamente). O sucesso do procedimento de Hughes modificado não foi significativamente afetado por nenhum dos fatores de risco identificados (p>0,05). Resultados funcionais e cosméticos foram de 96,6% e 94,8%, respetivamente. Conclusão: O procedimento de Hughes modificado é uma opção segura e eficaz para a reconstrução de pequenos e grandes defeitos da pálpebra inferior, independentemente do tipo de reconstrução da lamela anterior (ou seja, retalho de avanço ou enxerto de pele).

Impact of the type of anterior lamellar reconstruction on the success of modified Hughes procedure.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term functional and cosmetic outcomes in patients who underwent modified Hughes procedure with different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction for lower eyelid defects. METHODS: This study included 58 patients who had undergone a modified Hughes flap for reconstruction of lower eyelids after tumor excision within a 10-year period. Data regarding patient demographics, size of eyelid defect, tumor pathology, surgical techniques, functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications were recorded. Postoperative complications were evaluated according to the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or free skin graft). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting the success of the procedure. RESULTS: The average size of the lower eyelid defect was 22 ± 6.3 mm (range: 11-30 mm). The anterior lamella was reconstructed with advancement flaps and full-thickness skin grafts in 36 (58.6%) and 24 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 23.6 ± 11.9 months. Postoperative complications included trichiasis (three patients; 5.2%), ectropion (two patients; 3.0%), flap necrosis (one patient; 1.7%), flap dehiscence (one patient; 1.7%), infection (one patient; 1.7%), and eyelid margin erythema (one patient; 1.7%). The rates of complication and secondary surgery were similar among the different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction (p=768 and p=0.139, respectively). Success of the modified Hughes procedure was not significantly affected by any of the identified risk factors (p>0.05). Functional and cosmetic outcomes were 96.6% and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Modified Hughes procedure is a safe and effective option for the reconstruction of small and large defects of the lower eyelid, regardless of the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or skin graft).

The effect of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on choroidal thickness in open-angle glaucoma / O efeito do glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo sobre a espessura da coroide em comparação com o glaucoma de ângulo abertos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effect of pseudoex foliation syndrome on choroidal thickness as compared with healthy individuals and subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: This prospective, randomized study included 30 primary open angle glaucoma patients and 30 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients with similar demographic characteristics and 30 eyes of 30 healthy individuals comprised the control group. Regular optic nerve and macular images were obtained using a Cirrus HD spectral domain optical coherence tomography instrument, along with macular choroidal thickness measurements with enhanced depth imaging mode. Results: Age, sex, and axial length values were similar among the three groups (p>0.05). The primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma groups had comparable levels of glaucomatous damage. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness values in the primary open angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and control groups were 271.80 ± 19.96 μm, 241.43 ± 32.47 μm, and 268.03 ± 24.50 μm, respectively. The pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group had the lowest choroidal thickness values of the three groups (p values: pseudoexfoliation-control: 0.001; pseudoexfoliation-primary open angle glaucoma: <0.001, primary open angle glaucoma-control: 0.516, independent samples t-test). Conclusion: The macular choroid was thinner in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, as compared with both healthy individuals and open-angle glaucoma patients with similar degrees of glaucomatous damage.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo sobre a espessura da coroide em comparação com indivíduos saudáveis e com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo e randomizado incluiu 30 pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e 30 com glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo, com características demográficas semelhantes e 30 olhos de 30 indivíduos saudáveis compuseram o grupo controle. Imagens da área macular e do nervo óptico foram obtidas usando um tomógrafo por coerência óptica no domínio espectral do modelo Cirrus HD, juntamente com medições da espessura da coroide na área macular através do modo de imagem de profundidade realçada. Resultados: Os valores de idade, sexo e comprimento axial foram semelhantes nos três grupos (p>0,05). Os grupos de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e de glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo tinham níveis comparáveis de lesões glaucomatosas. Os valores médios da espessura subfoveal da coroide nos grupos do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo e de controle foram 271,80 ± 19,96 μm, 241,43 ± 32,47 μm e 268,03 ± 24,50 μm, respectivamente. O grupo glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo apresentou os menores valores de espessura de coroide dos três grupos (valores de p: pseudoexfoliativo-controle: 0,001; pseudoexfoliativo-glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto: <0,001, controle de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto: 0,516; teste de t de amostras independentes). Conclusão: A coroide na área macular era mais fina em pacientes com glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo, quando comparada com indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com glaucoma de ângulo aberto com graus similares de lesão glaucomatosa.

The effect of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on choroidal thickness in open-angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of pseudoex foliation syndrome on choroidal thickness as compared with healthy individuals and subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: This prospective, randomized study included 30 primary open angle glaucoma patients and 30 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients with similar demographic characteristics and 30 eyes of 30 healthy individuals comprised the control group. Regular optic nerve and macular images were obtained using a Cirrus HD spectral domain optical coherence tomography instrument, along with macular choroidal thickness measurements with enhanced depth imaging mode. RESULTS: Age, sex, and axial length values were similar among the three groups (p>0.05). The primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma groups had comparable levels of glaucomatous damage. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness values in the primary open angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and control groups were 271.80 ± 19.96 µm, 241.43 ± 32.47 µm, and 268.03 ± 24.50 µm, respectively. The pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group had the lowest choroidal thickness values of the three groups (p values: pseudoexfoliation-control: 0.001; pseudoexfoliation-primary open angle glaucoma: <0.001, primary open angle glaucoma-control: 0.516, independent samples t-test). CONCLUSION: The macular choroid was thinner in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, as compared with both healthy individuals and open-angle glaucoma patients with similar degrees of glaucomatous damage.

Unusual intraconal localization of orbital giant cell angiofibroma.

Giant cell angiofibroma (GCA) is a recently reported rare soft-tissue tumor that can develop in various sites including orbit. Orbital GCAs were mainly located in the eyelid or extraconal regions such as lacrimal gland and conjunctiva. We report an atypical case of a GCA arising in the intraconal area of the orbit in a 65-year-old male patient. The tumor was excised in total by lateral orbitotomy. Histological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with the diagnosis of GCA. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up of over 2 years. GCA is a rare tumor that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraconal orbital tumors. Complete surgical removal is the current optimal treatment option.

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with iron deficiency anemia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 102 female patients who had IDA (hemoglobin <12 g/dl, serum transferrin saturation <15%, serum iron <50 µg/dl, and serum ferritin <15 µg/dl) were enrolled in the study. Optic disc and RNFL parameters obtained by Cirrus high-definition OCT 4000 were compared with those of 49 age and sex-matched nonanemic individuals. The time between blood analysis and OCT measurements was 3.14 ± 5.6 (range, 0-28) days in the anemia group, and 3.5 ± 6.7 (range, 0-27) days in the control group (P = 0.76). RESULTS: Average ages of 102 patients and 49 control subjects were 35.76 ± 10.112 (range, 18-66) years, and 36.08 ± 8.416 (range, 19-57) years (P = 0.850), respectively. The average RNFL thickness was 94.67 ± 9.380 in the anemia group, and 100.22 ± 9.12 in the control group (P = 0.001). Temporal, nasal, and lower quadrant average RNFL thicknesses of IDA group were thinner than the control group (P = 0.001, P = 0.013, P = 0.008). Upper quadrant RNFL thicknesses in IDA and control groups were similar. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between mean RNFL thickness and hemoglobin (r = 0.273), iron (r = 0.177), ferritin (r = 0.163), and transferrin saturations (r = 0.185), while a negative correlation was found between total iron binding capacity (r = -0.199) and mean RNFL thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by OCT is thinner in adult female patients with IDA. It may have a significant influence on the management of many disorders such as glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmological diseases.